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Showing posts with label Bahasa Inggris. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Bahasa Inggris. Show all posts
Saturday, August 31, 2013
Saturday, August 17, 2013
Present Perfect Tense
Basic
Patterns (Pola Dasar):
Verbal
Sentence: Subject + have/-s +Verb3
Nominal
Sentence: Subject + have/-s + been +
Complement
- Present Perfect menyatakan gagasan mengenai sesuatu yang telah terjadi (atau tidak pernah terjadi) sebelum "sekarang" pada waktu yang tidak dapat ditentukan. Waktu di saat terjadinya kejadian tersebut dianggap tidak penting.
-
Jangan gunakan Present Perfect Tense (dan Perfect Tense yang lain), jika waktu kejadian diketahui. Sebagai gantinya gunakan Simple Past Tense. Misalnya: “I saw that movie last night”, bukan "I have seen the movie last night."
Contoh:
a)
They have moved into a new apartment.
b)
Have you ever visited
Mexico?
c)
I have never seen snow.
- Present perfect Tense juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakn kejadian yang berulang-ulang yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Sekali lagi, waktu tepat kejadian dianggap tidak penting.
Examples:
d)
We have had four tests so far this
semester.
e)
I have met many people since I came here
in July
f)
I have flown on an airplane many times.
- Present perfect Tense juga dapat menyatakan suatu situasi atau keadaan yang mulai wujud dan berlanjut sampai sekarang jika kita menggunakan "for" dan "since". Perhatikan perbedaan makna antara "for" dan "since"!
since + a particular time (waktu)
for
+ a duration
time (rentang waktu)
Contoh:
g)
I have been here since seven o’clock
h)
We have been here for two weeks
i)
I have known him for many years
j)
I haven’t done that task.
(Negative Verbal)
k)
I have never been the employee of the
month. (Negative Nominal)
COMPARE (BANDINGKAN)!
a)
I have gotten four
letters so far this week.
b)
I have got a
problem.
In (a): Have
gotten (British: have got) is present perfect.
In (b): Have
got is NOT present perfect. In (b), have got means have: I’ve got a
problem = I have a problem. The expression have got is common
in informal spoken English. Its meaning is present, it has no past form.
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Simple Present Tense
1. Simple
Present
Basic
Patterns:
Verbal
Sentence: Subject + Verb1
Nominal
Sentence: Subject + to be1 +
Complement
-
The simple present says that something was true in
the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is
used for general statements of fact.
Examples:
a)
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
b)
Most animals kill only for food.
c)
The world is round.
d)
She doesn’t come to the party. (Negative
Verbal)
e)
I am not a student. (Negative Nominal)
f)
Do they know about this?
(Interrogative Verbal)
g)
Are you ready to face the truth?
(Interrogative Nominal)
-
The simple present is used to express habitual or
everyday activity.
Examples:
h)
I study for two hours every night.
i)
My classes begin at nine.
j)
He always eats a sandwich for lunch.
-
She do or she does?
In the
simple present tense, if the object of a sentence is the singular third
person pronouns, then the verb must be added with –s/-es (in present perfect
tenses, have becomes has). The singular third person can be
defined as someone who is being talked in a sentence. They are: She, He, It, One,
proper name and any singular countable and non-countable noun, e.g. John,
Peter, salt (NC), sugar (NC), sun, etc. (read appendix 2 to learn how to
convert an infinitive into present singular form)
Examples:
k)
Salt consists of sodium and chloride.
l)
John usually comes to my house every
weekend.
m)
Peter resembles his father.
-
Certain verbs are not used in the continuous /
progressive tenses. With these verbs, the simple present may indicate a
situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.
Examples:
n)
I have only a dollar right now.
Not: I am having only a dollar right now.
o)
I don’t recognize that man.
Not: I am not recognizing that man.
p)
He needs a pen right now.
Not: He is needing a pen right now.
continue to Present Perfect Tense
continue to Present Perfect Tense
Thursday, July 4, 2013
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal Verb mengacu
pada
verba
dan
preposisi
yang secara
bersama
mempunyai
arti
khusus, namun tidak bersifat kiasan seperti Idiom.
Phrasal Verb bisa
terdiri
dari
dua
atau
tiga
kata.
Example:
Get + up = get up = wake up (bangun)
I get up at 5.00 a.m. = I wake up
at 5.00 a.m.
untuk penjelasan lebih lanjut dan contoh phrasal verb yang lebih banyak, silakan download powerpoint-nya: klik di sini
(tunggu beberapa detik nanti dialihkan ke adfoc.us, kemudian ke adf.ly, dan setelah itu baru bisa didownload ataupun cuma di-view). Terima kasih
Tuesday, May 14, 2013
Mengubah Kalimat Aktif Menjadi Pasif dalam 16 Tenses #2
KEMBALI KE BAGIAN 1
- Past
9. Simple Past
Aktif : S + V2 + O
Pasif : O + tobe + V3
Contoh :
a. I broke the glass. => The glass was broken (by me).
b. My mom told me. => I was told (by my mom).
10. Past Future
Aktif : S + Would + V1 + O
Pasif : O + Would + be + V3
a. I would spend the money. => The money would be spent (by me).
c. His father would hit him. => He would be hit (by his father).
11. Past Perfect
Aktif : S + Had + V3 + O
Pasif : O + Had + been + V3
a. You had eaten that food. => The food had been eaten (by you).
b. Her sister had called me for some help. => I had been called (by her sister) for some help.
12. Past Continuous
Aktif : S + tobe (was/were) + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + tobe (was/were) + being + V3
a. I was drinking a cup of coffee. => A cup of coffee was being drunk (by me)
b. His mother was cooking meal for breakfast. => Meal for breakfast was being cooked (by his mother).
13. Past Future Perfect
Aktif : S + Would + Have + V3 + O
Pasif : O + Would + Have + been + V3
Contoh :
a. They would have watched that movie. => That movie would have been watched (by them).
b. Our teacher would have taught us for 1 year. => We would have been taught (by our teacher) for 1 year.
14. Past Future Continuous
Aktif : S + Would + be + V-ing
Pasif : O + Would + be + being + V3
Contoh :
a. We would be cleaning the house. => The house would be being cleaned (by us).
b. She would be fixing your life. => Your life would be being fixed (by her)
15. Past Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S + Had + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + Had + been + being + V3
Contoh :
a. My cat had been eating your fish. => Your fish had been being eaten (by my cat).
b. He had been changing my life. => My life had been being changed (by him).
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S + Would + Have + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + Would + Have + been + being + V3
Contoh :
a. My wife would have been driving the car. => The car would have been being driven (by my wife).
b. My husband would have been climbing the wall. => The wall would have been being climbed (by my husband).
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Mengubah Kalimat Aktif Menjadi Pasif dalam 16 Tenses #1
Cara mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif itu tidak sulit. Tinggal
letakan saja objek dalam kalimat aktifnya yang biasanya ada di akhit kalimat
menjadi di awal kalimat. Selai itu, 1 hal yang harus kalian ingat adalah kata
kerja utama yang ada di kalimat aktif harus diubah menjadi bentuk ketiga dan
didahului dengan to be. KATA KERJA BENTUK TIGA (past participle) tersebut pada
kalimat pasif tidak akan berubah, tidak peduli dalam tense apa kalimat pasif
tersebut.
V1 / V2 / V3
=> tobe + V3
Misalkan : eat
menjadi is/are eaten
Setelah kalian ingat dengan hal di atas, maka langkah kedua kalian
harus memperhatikan tense dari kalimat yang ingin kalian ubah ke pasif. Berikut
cara mengubah kalimat aktif ke pasif dalam 16 tense bahasa Inggris :
- Present
1.
Simple Present
Aktif : S + V1 + O
Pasif : O +
tobe + V3
Contoh
a.
I eat that cake. => That cake is eatean
(by me).
b.
She breaks the vase. => The vase is broken (by her).
*kata dalam
kurung boleh digunakan atau tidak.
2.
Present Future
Aktif : S +
will + V1 + O
Pasif : O +
Will + be + V3
Contoh :
a.
I will do the homework. => The
homework will be done (by me).
b.
My boss will accept my plan. =>
My plan will be accepted (by my boss).
3.
Present Perfect
Aktif : S +
Have/Has + V3 + O
Pasif : O +
Have/Has + been + V3
Contoh :
a.
You have taken the pencil. => The
pencil has been taken (by you).
b.
He has written a letter. => A
letter has been written (by him).
4.
Present Continuous
Aktif : S +
tobe + V-ing + O
Pasif : O +
tobe + being + V3
Contoh :
a.
They are destroying that big
building. => That big building is being destroyed.
b.
He is eating a huge cake. => A
huge cake is being eaten.
5.
Present Future Perfect
Aktif : S +
Will + Have + V3 + O
Pasif : O +
Will + Have + been + V3
Contoh :
a.
We will have finished all the tasks.
=> All the tasks will have been finished (by
us).
b.
Next month, he will have finished
his paper. => Next month, his paper will have been
finished (by him).
6.
Present Future Continuous
Aktif : S +
Will + Have + been + V-ing
Pasif : O + Will
+ Have + been + being + V3
Contoh :
a.
I will have been cooking the dinner
soon. => The dinner will have been being cooked
soon (by me).
b.
I’m sure my boss will have been firing
me. => I’m sure I will have been being fired
(by my boss).
7.
Present Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S +
Have/Has + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O +
Have/Has + been + being + V3
Contoh :
1.
I have been fixing your phone. =>
Your phone has been being fixed (by me).
2.
She has been eating all cakes. =>
All cakes have been being eaten (by her).
8.
Present Future Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S +
Will + Have + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O +
Will + Have + been + being + V3
Contoh :
1.
They will have been killing me.
=> I will have been being killed (by them).
2.
She will have been telling me the
truth. => The truth will have been being told
(by her).
Thursday, March 14, 2013
Conditional Sentence (If Clause)
Pasti kalian
pernah mendengar lagu Hoobastank berjudul If I were You. Mungkin
bagi kalian bingung dengan judul lagu tersebut. Bukannya “I” seharusnya diikuti
oleh tobe “am” atau “was”, bukannya “were”. Lalu, mungkin sebagian dari
sekalian tak menghiraukan itu, atau menganggap itu hanyalah kalimat bahasa
Inggris tak baku. Jika kalian berfikir begitu, maka kalian akan salah total.
Sebenarnya
judul lagu tersebut menggunakan struktur kalimat “CONDITIONAL SENTENCE”. Apa
itu ? Conditional Sentence dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti KALIMAT PENGANDAIAN.
Kalau dalam bahasa Indonesia, struktur kalimat pengandaian tidak bisa dibedakan
dengan kalimat biasa, kecuali ada kata seandainya, andai, jika, kalau, dll.
Namun dalam bahasa Inggris sedikit ribet kalau membahas mengenai Kalimat
Pengandaian.
![]() |
| image source: http://passionforwriting.siterubix.com |
1.
Type I
Tipe I digunakan untuk
menyatakan pengandaian yang belum terlalu mustahil untuk terjadi. Hal yang kita
andaikan tersebut bisa saja terjadi saat ini atau nanti.
Pola
Utama:
If +
(Induk Kalimat (Simple Present))
+ (Anak Kalimat (Present
Future/Simple Present))
Contoh
:
1.1
If Andi comes to the party
tonight, I will be so happy.
1.2
If Andi comes to the party
tonight, I am so happy.
1.3
I am so happy if Andi comes to
the party tonight.
1.4
If the temperature goes below
0° C, water will freeze.
1.5
Water freezes if the
temperature goes below 0° C.
Contoh 1.1 – 1.3 mempunyai arti yang
sama, yaitu jika Andi datang ke pesta malam ini,
maka saya akan senang. Ini berarti yang diandaikan pembicara belum tentu
terjadi, namun belum tentu juga tidak terjadi. Jadi masih ada harapan 50:50
kalau si Andi akan datang ke pesta malam ini. Kesimpulan kalimat : Andy probably
will come.
Pada contoh 1.1 anak kalimatnya
menggunakan tenses Present Future. Pada kalimat 1.2 anak kalimatnya menggunakan
tenses Simple Present. Sedangkan, pada kalimat 1.3 tensesnya sama persis dengan
kalimat 1.2, namun induk dan anak kalimatnya dipindah.
Pada
kalimat 1.4 dan 1.5, maknanya juga sama, yaitu : air akan membeku jika suhu
berada di bawah 0°C. Kita tahu bahwa air memang akan membeku pada suhu di bawah
0° C. Jadi, apa yang diandaikan pada kalimat tersebut memang terjadi atau
merupakan hal yang lazim terjadi, bukan kejadian yang mungkin terjadi seperti
contoh 1.1 – 1.3.
2. Type II
Tipe
II digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian terhadapa peristiwa atau keadaan yang
tidak mungkin terjadi sekarang, karena faktanya hal tersebut tidak terjadi atau
berlaku. DAN INGAT DALAM CONDITIONAL SENTECE
TIPE II ,TO BE SETELAH SUBJEK SEMUANYA WERE.
Pola
Utama :
If +
(Induk Kalimat (Simple Past))
+ (Anak Kalimat (Past Future))
Contoh
:
2.1
If I were you, I would forgive
him.
2.2
If she were here right now, I
would talk to her.
2.3
If you weren’t my friend, I
would punch you.
Kalimat
2.1 mempunyai arti : Jika aku jadi kamu, aku akan memaafkan dia. Ini berarti
bahwa dalam kalimat tersebut “Aku” adalah bukan “Dia”. Hal itu mustahil terjadi
pada saat ini, karena faktanya hal tersebut tidak terjadi. Kesimpulan kalimat :
I am not you.
Lihat to be setelah kata “I”, seharusnya kan
was, bukan were ? itulah bedanya kalimat past biasa dengan conditional
sentence. POKOKNYA INGAT DALAM CONDITIONAL SENTECE TIPE II ,TOBE SETELAH SUBJEK SEMUANYA WERE.
Kalimat
2.2 mempunyai arti : Jika dia di sini sekarang, aku akan bicara kepadanya. Ini
berati sekarang “Dia” tidak ada di sini. Kesimpulan kalimat: She wasn’t here.
Kalimat
2.3 berati : Jika kamu bukan temanku aku akan memukulmu. Ini berarti sekarang
“kamu” adalah temanku. Kesimpulan kalimat : You are my friend.
3. Type III
Tipe
III digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pengandaian terhadap suatu hal yang sudah
tidak mungkin lagi terjadi baik di masa lalu, sekarang, maupun masa mendatang.
Pola
Kalimat Utama :
If +
(Induk Kalimat (Past Perfect))
+ (Anak Kalimat (Perfect
Future))
Contoh
:
3.1
If I had watched that movie, I
would have told it to you.
3.2
If I had died, I wouldn’t have
visited you last week.
3.3
If the earth had not been
created, we wouldn’t have existed.
Kalimat 3.1
menyatakan bahwa : Jika aku sudah menontoh film itu, aku pasti sudah
menceritakannya kepadamu. Ini berarti “aku” belum pernah menontoh film itu baik
sekarang ataupun di masa lalu, sehingga aku tidak menceritakannya. Kesimpulan
kalimat : I didn’t watched that movie.
Kalimat 3.2
bermakna : Jika aku sudah mati, aku tidak mungkin mengunjungimu minggu lalu.
Ini berarti “aku” tidak mungkin mengunjungi “kamu”, jikalau “aku” sudah mati.
Kesimpulan kalimat : I didn’t die.
Kalimat 3.3
bermakana : Jika bumi tidak diciptakan, kita tidak mungkin ada. Ini berarti
baik sekarang maupun di masa lalu, faktanya adalah bumi itu diciptakan atau
ada. Jadi merupakan hal yang sangat tidak mungkin sekali kalau bumi itu tidak
ada. Kesimpulan kalimat : the earth were created.
COBA BANDINGKAN !
1. If Ani studies hard, she will pass the examination.
2. If Ani studied hard, she would pass the examination.
3. If Ani had studied hard, she would have passed the examination.
![]() |
| image source: http://www.colourbox.com |
LATIHAN :
Coba ubah kalimat
di bawah ini menjadi ke-3 tipe kalimat pengandaian :
1. If I (have) money, I (pay) my debt.
I.
If I have money, I will
pay my debt.
II.
If I had money, I would
pay my debt.
III.
If I had had money, I
would have paid my debt.
2. If Jaya (come), Putra (tobe) very happy.
3. If I (tobe) rich, I (buy) everything I want.
4. If I (tobe) a superstar, I (have) so much money.
5. If earthquake (not happen) in
Japan, tsunami (not strike) Japan.
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